Photosynthetic organisms have developed diverse antennas composed of chromophorylated proteins to increase photon capture. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cpypp.html Cryptophyte algae acquired their photosynthetic organelles (plastids) from a red alga by secondary endosymbiosis. Cryptophytes lost the primary red algal antenna, the red algal phycobilisome, replacing it with a unique antenna composed of αβ protomers, where the β subunit originates from the red algal phycobilisome. The origin of the cryptophyte antenna, particularly the unique α subunit, is unknown. Here we show that the cryptophyte antenna evolved from a complex between a red algal scaffolding protein and phycoerythrin β. Published cryo-EM maps for two red algal phycobilisomes contain clusters of unmodelled density homologous to the cryptophyte-αβ protomer. We modelled these densities, identifying a new family of scaffolding proteins related to red algal phycobilisome linker proteins that possess multiple copies of a cryptophyte-α-like domain. These domains bind to, and stabilise, a conserved hydrophobic surface on phycoerythrin β, which is the same binding site for its primary partner in the red algal phycobilisome, phycoerythrin α. We propose that after endosymbiosis these scaffolding proteins outcompeted the primary binding partner of phycoerythrin β, resulting in the demise of the red algal phycobilisome and emergence of the cryptophyte antenna.How oligotrophic marine cyanobacteria position themselves in the water column is currently unknown. The current paradigm is that these organisms avoid sinking due to their reduced size and passive drift within currents. Here, we show that one in four picocyanobacteria encode a type IV pilus which allows these organisms to increase drag and remain suspended at optimal positions in the water column, as well as evade predation by grazers. The evolution of this sophisticated floatation mechanism in these purely planktonic streamlined microorganisms has important implications for our current understanding of microbial distribution in the oceans and predator-prey interactions which ultimately will need incorporating into future models of marine carbon flux dynamics.Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an essential role in tumor progression. Few researches focused on the clinical and biological relevance of lncRNAs in peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL). In this research, a novel lncRNA (ENST00000503502) was identified overexpressed in the main subtypes of PTCL, and designated as T cell lymphoma-associated lncRNA1 (TCLlnc1). Serum TCLlnc1 was associated with extranodal involvement, high-risk International Prognostic Index, and poor prognosis of the patients. Both in vitro and in vivo, overexpression of TCLlnc1 promoted T-lymphoma cell proliferation and migration, both of which were counteracted by the knockdown of TCLlnc1 using small interfering RNAs. As the mechanism of action, TCLlnc1 directly interacted with transcription activator heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (HNRNPD) and Y-box binding protein-1 (YBX1) by acting as a modular scaffold. TCLlnc1/HNRNPD/YBX1 complex upregulated transcription of TGFB2 and TGFBR1 genes, activated the tumor growth factor-β signaling pathway, resulting in lymphoma progression, and might be a potential target in PTCL.Activating intra-tumor innate immunity might enhance tumor immune surveillance. Virotherapy is proposed to achieve tumor cell killing, while indirectly activating innate immunity. Here, we report that recombinant poliovirus therapy primarily mediates antitumor immunotherapy via direct infection of non-malignant tumor microenvironment (TME) cells, independent of malignant cell lysis. Relative to other innate immune agonists, virotherapy provokes selective, TBK1-IRF3 driven innate inflammation that is associated with sustained type-I/III interferon (IFN) release. Despite priming equivalent antitumor T cell quantities, MDA5-orchestrated TBK1-IRF3 signaling, but not NFκB-polarized TLR activation, culminates in polyfunctional and Th1-differentiated antitumor T cell phenotypes. Recombinant type-I IFN increases tumor-localized T cell function, but does not mediate durable antitumor immunotherapy without concomitant pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling. Thus, virus-induced MDA5-TBK1-IRF3 signaling in the TME provides PRR-contextualized IFN responses that elicit functional antitumor T cell immunity. TBK1-IRF3 innate signal transduction stimulates eventual function and differentiation of tumor-infiltrating T cells.The large number of spatial modes supported by standard multimode fibers is a promising platform for boosting the channel capacity of quantum and classical communications by orders of magnitude. However, the practical use of long multimode fibers is severely hampered by modal crosstalk and polarization mixing. To overcome these challenges, we develop and experimentally demonstrate a vectorial time reversal technique, which is accomplished by digitally pre-shaping the wavefront and polarization of the forward-propagating signal beam to be the phase conjugate of an auxiliary, backward-propagating probe beam. Here, we report an average modal fidelity above 80% for 210 Laguerre-Gauss and Hermite-Gauss modes by using vectorial time reversal over an unstabilized 1-km-long fiber. We also propose a practical and scalable spatial-mode-multiplexed quantum communication protocol over long multimode fibers to illustrate potential applications that can be enabled by our technique.Clustering is a critical step in single cell-based studies. Most existing methods support unsupervised clustering without the a priori exploitation of any domain knowledge. When confronted by the high dimensionality and pervasive dropout events of scRNA-Seq data, purely unsupervised clustering methods may not produce biologically interpretable clusters, which complicates cell type assignment. In such cases, the only recourse is for the user to manually and repeatedly tweak clustering parameters until acceptable clusters are found. Consequently, the path to obtaining biologically meaningful clusters can be ad hoc and laborious. Here we report a principled clustering method named scDCC, that integrates domain knowledge into the clustering step. Experiments on various scRNA-seq datasets from thousands to tens of thousands of cells show that scDCC can significantly improve clustering performance, facilitating the interpretability of clusters and downstream analyses, such as cell type assignment.